Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

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Introduction: Diabetes is a progressive metabolic disease that activates the immune system and increases certain inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17. One of the complications associated with diabetes affects the brain and nervous system, leading to cognitive dysfunction. Physical activities are effective in improving the condition of diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a multi-task combined home exercise program on serum levels of the cytokine interleukin-17 and cognitive function in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Seventy patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups: exercise and control. The exercise group participated in a multi-task combined home-based exercise program for three months. Blood markers, cognitive function, and body composition were measured before and after the intervention. The results were analyzed using SPSS software, with a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The present study showed that the combined exercise program led to a reduction in the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 (P<0.05). Although cognitive function showed relative improvement, the results were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Concurrently, fasting blood glucose decreased in the exercise group (P<0.05), and some body composition indices, particularly body fat percentage, improved (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Home-based combined exercise programs were associated with a reduction in the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 and a relative improvement in cognitive function in diabetic patients. The potential improvement in immune responses following these exercises may contribute to the reduction of serum IL-17 levels.
 

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The impact of maternal physical activity on offspring health and phenotypic changes due to exercise has emerged as a significant area of interest in exercise physiology in recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a maternal high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the expression of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes in the skeletal muscle of first-generation offspring in Wistar rats. Twenty-four 8-week-old female Wistar rats were acclimatized to the environment and then divided into three groups: a maternal control group, a maternal pre-pregnancy exercise group, and a maternal exercise group that trained both before and during pregnancy. The pre-pregnancy exercise regimen lasted 6 weeks, while the exercise during pregnancy lasted 3 weeks. The exercise protocol involved treadmill running, consisting of 5 days per week, with each session including 1 minute of running at 85-100% of VO2peak and a 10% incline, followed by 2 minutes of rest at 65% of VO2peak and 0% incline. The number of intervals started at 10 and increased based on the overload principle. The control group remained sedentary during this period. After the exercise period and the birth of the offspring, male offspring were categorized according to their maternal groups, and the expression levels of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes in their skeletal muscle were evaluated at 10 weeks of age. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.
The results indicated that after the 6-week HIIT program, both the pre-pregnancy exercise group and the group that exercised before and during pregnancy showed significant differences in speed and distance in the functional performance test compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant differences were observed in the expression of PGC1α and SIRT1 genes among the groups after the birth of the offspring. These differences were significant between the pre-pregnancy exercise group, the pre- and during-pregnancy exercise group, and the control group (P < 0.05). It appears that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy induces changes in the mitochondrial genotype of the offspring, with a more pronounced effect on the expression of mitochondrial genes such as PGC1α and SIRT1 when exercise occurs both before and during pregnancy compared to exercise before pregnancy alone.
 

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Objectives: Wrestlers use new methods to improve their performance. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of six weeks of wrestling- specific competitive training on the functional responses of male freestyle wrestlers. Methods: Thirty six wrestlers were selected according to the physical characteristics of age (21.60 ± 2.95 yr), height (173.5 ± 5.05 cm), weight (70.00 ± 9.96 kg), fat percentage (16.20 ± 2.24%), body mass index (23.18 ±/ 53 kg/m²) and at least 2 years wrestling experience. After measurement of the isometric strength tests of hands, hand and foot power, the subjects in two groups of Tabata training (TT) and normal club wrestling training program (WT) were divided for a period of 6 weeks (n= 18 for each group) , tests were taken again at the end of 6 weeks to check the performance of the wrestlers in the two groups. The obtained data were analyzed by using the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test for normality of the data and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements, post-hoc test and Friedman's non-parametric test in cases of non-normal distribution, level of α < 0.05 were checked by SPSS 24. Results: Six weeks of wrestling- specific completive training (TT) on left hand power, peak power, average power and upper limb fatigue index and pressure perception had a significant effect  (p<0.05), but on right hand power, peak, average, minimum power and index Lower limb fatigue had no significant effect (p>0.05). Conclusion: Wrestling-specific competitive training could improve some performance indicators in male freestyle wrestlers.  
 

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Introduction 
During the menstrual cycle, the body experiences fluctuations in sex hormones, which can affect performance and injury rates in women. In the integrated human body system, the coordination between joints and limbs influences each other and the ultimate goal of movement. 
Objective 
The study aimed to investigate the impact of different phases of the menstrual cycle on the variability of pelvic-hip rhythm coordination during the execution of the roundhouse kick in taekwondo. 
Methods 
This applied, quasi-experimental study was conducted on 12 elite female taekwondo athletes from Tehran, selected through convenience sampling. Kinematic data were collected using 8 Vicon cameras (240 Hz) and the Plug-in Gait marker system across three menstrual phases (follicular, ovulation, and luteal). The data were processed using a fourth-order Butterworth filter. Joint range of motion (ROM) was analyzed using Nexus software, and coordination variability was calculated using the modified vector coding method. One-way ANOVA and parametric statistical mapping were used to examine differences in joint angles, coordination patterns, and variability. 
Results 
The results of study showed no significant relationship between the ROM of the hip and pelvic joints, the frequency of coordination patterns, and variability across different phases of the menstrual cycle (P ≥ 0.05). 
Discussion and Conclusion 
The findings suggest that adaptations developed through years of training under various menstrual cycle conditions may mitigate the significant impact of this factor on the performance of elite athletes. Additionally, the skill level of professional athletes enables them to optimally utilize coordination variability to achieve desired performance outcomes.
 

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Introduction:The face is one of the biometric tools in identifying the characteristics of individuals.The purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship between some facial biometric factors and performance indicators of non-athletic children aged 9-11.
Method:The present study was a descriptive research with correlational design. The statistical population of this study was all male students in the second to fifth grade of elementary school in the north of Marand County, of which160 people met the conditions for entering the study. Facial biometric dimensions were measured by taking images under standard conditions and analyzing them using the pixelation method in two views including full-face and half face. Sports performance indicators included aerobic power, Claw strength and balance that were measured with a6-minute fast walk test, grip dynamometer, and stork test respectively.Data analysis was performed using Pearson's parametric correlation test. All statistical calculations were performed with SPSS version21software at a significance level of 5%.
Findings:There is a significant correlation between the face length to face width ratio variable with aerobic power (p=0.004,r=0.317), grip strength (p=0.014,r=-0.270), there is also a significant correlation between the nose length to nose width ratio variable with aerobic power (p=0.027,r=0.244). In addition, there is a significant correlation between the nose tip angle variable and static balance (p= 0.007,r= 0.298), The mentolabial angle variable with grip strength (p=0.049,r=-0.215).
Results:According to the results obtained in this study, facial biometric indicators that are a function of heredity and have the least impact from the environment are effective on developable and changeable functions such as aerobic power, strength and static balance.
 

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This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of resistance training, particularly exercises designed based on 3D motion analysis, in improving muscle strength and balance function in elderly individuals with early knee osteoarthritis. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 2000 to December 2024. Selected studies were required to have utilized 3D motion analysis to assess movement deficits and design exercise programs. Out of 84 reviewed articles, 18 were chosen for final analysis. The results indicated that the majority of studies (86%) confirmed the effectiveness of resistance training in ameliorating knee osteoarthritis symptoms. Specifically, significant improvements were observed in functional balance (44% of articles) and reductions in knee pain (48% of articles). Furthermore, 33% of the studies reported superior efficacy for exercises designed based on 3D biomechanical analysis. These findings can significantly enhance the quality of life for patients and promote mobility safety in the elderly by reducing the risk of falls and improving joint stability. In conclusion, the findings suggest that innovative training approaches, particularly those incorporating 3D motion analysis, can play a pivotal role in optimizing rehabilitation and enhancing the quality of life for elderly individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
 

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Abstract
Introduction and purpose: Structural remodeling of the heart following myocardial infarction often leads to heart failure, a condition characterized by impaired cardiac function and increased hemodynamic load. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and ventricular remodeling play key roles in the pathogenesis of heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined administration of propionate and low-volume HIIT on inflammatory status and cardiac function in mice with heart failure.
Methodology: Forty male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 200–250 g) were induced with HF by isoproterenol injection (130 mg/kg) and randomly assigned to five groups: (1) Control, (2) heart failure, (3) heart failure + Propionate, (4) heart failure + HIIT, and (5) heart failure + HIIT + Propionate. HIIT consisted of 10 one-minute bouts with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio, performed over 6 weeks. Propionate was administered orally at a dose of 1000 mg/kg prior to each training session. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, and cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05).
Findings: Both HIIT and propionate individually improved cardiac function and inflammatory markers. The combined intervention significantly increased ejection fraction (p = 0.038) and fractional shortening (p=0.023), reduced TNF-α (p=0.0061), and increased IL-10 levels (p=0.0007), yielding superior outcomes compared with individual treatments.
Discussion and conclusion: This study demonstrates that the combination of propionate supplementation with low-volume HIIT effectively improves inflammation and cardiac function in rats with heart failure.
 

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Abstract
Purpose: Balance and gait are considered critical factors for the health of older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of virtual reality (VR)-based training on balance and gait in older women. 
Methods: The statistical population of this study consisted of all elderly women with an average age of 75.5±3.39 and an average weight of 72.08±9.46 kg in Shahrood city. 30 people were selected conveniently and purposefully based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). In the pre-test, the subjects' static balance was measured by the Sharpendramberg test, dynamic balance by the modified Star Balance test, functional balance by the Berg Functional Balance Scale test, and fall risk by the Dynamic Gait Index test. The subjects in the experimental group did virtual reality-based exercises for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 to 45 minutes). Finally, all subjects were post-tested and the data obtained were used by paired t-tests for intragroup comparison and independent t-tests for comparing between-group changes at a significance level of p<0.05. 
Results: The findings of the present study showed that 8 weeks of virtual reality-based training significantly increased static, dynamic, and functional balance (p=0.022), (p=0.0001), and (p=0.0001), respectively. Also, the dynamic gait index was significantly improved in this group (p=0.0001). The results of the independent t-test also showed that a significant difference was observed in the variables of static (p=0.001), dynamic (p=0.04), and functional (p=0.015) balance and dynamic gait index (p=0.0001) between the experimental and control groups. 
Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that virtual reality-based exercises play a significant role in improving static and dynamic balance and reducing the risk of falls in the elderly. Therefore, it is suggested that this age group, by taking advantage of this effective training method, prevent balance disorders and subsequent adverse consequences that are inevitable with aging.

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Introduction: Blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to induce local hypoxia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BFR-induced hypoxia on the angiogenic response to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Methods: Thirty active young men (age =25.6±3.4) were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10 each): control, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), and high-intensity interval exercise with blood flow restriction (HIIE+BFR). The HIIE protocol consisted of 5 sets of 5×30-second high-intensity running intervals with 30-second rest periods. BFR was applied at 60% of each individual's optimal occlusion pressure in the lower limbs. Serum levels of VEGF, HIF-1α, MMP-9, and MMP-2 were measured as angiogenic markers. Statistical analysis was performed using ANCOVA with LSD post-hoc test, with the significance level set at α=0.05. Results: The data revealed that compared to both the control and HIIE groups, the HIIE+BFR group showed significantly greater increases in serum VEGF and HIF-1α levels (P=0.002 and P=0.019, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed among groups for MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels (P=0.318 and P=0.101, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that combining HIIE with BFR can enhance the angiogenic response through increased VEGF and HIF-1α levels, but does not significantly affect MMP-2 and MMP-9. These findings support the notion that BFR-induced local hypoxia may serve as a complementary stimulus for improving vascular adaptations.

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Aim: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor symptoms. It is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced expression of key mitochondrial biogenesis genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Considering the potential of exercise to improve mitochondrial function, this study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on the expression of these genes in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease.
Methods: In this randomized controlled experimental study, fifty male Wistar rats (8 weeks, 250 ± 50 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=10). Parkinsonism was induced by unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA injection. Exercise protocols included treadmill running (30 to 60 min, 10 to 15 m/min), ladder climbing (5 to 15% body weight), and combined training (3 aerobic + 2 resistance sessions/week) for 8 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the final session, substantia nigra and striatum were collected for qPCR of PGC-1α, TFAM, and COX. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc (SPSS v.26, p<0.05).
Results: All exercise interventions significantly increased the expression of all three genes compared to the Parkinsonian sedentary group (p≤0.05). However, combined training had the superior effect, significantly surpassing both aerobic exercise (for PGC-1α: p=0.04; TFAM: p=0.03; COX: p=0.05) and resistance training (for PGC-1α: p=0.02; TFAM: p=0.01; COX: p=0.02). Aerobic training also produced notable positive effects, while improvements from resistance training were smaller.
Conclusion: Exercise training, particularly the combination of aerobic and resistance modalities, is an effective strategy to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis markers in the Parkinsonian brain. This molecular adaptation acts as a neuroprotective mechanism and provides strong scientific justification for the clinical application of structured exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention in the management of Parkinson’s disease

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Abstract
Introduction: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Physical activity plays a role in controlling and improving epileptic symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the levels of HMGB1 and IL-10 proteins, and seizure severity in the hippocampus of epileptic rats.
Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (6–8 weeks old; mean body weight: 226.625 ± 14.966 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: epilepsy, control, sham, and epilepsy + MICT. After completion of the 8-week training protocol, SOD and GPx activities were measured by ELISA, hippocampal HMGB1 and IL-10 levels were assessed by Western blotting, and seizure severity was evaluated using the Racine scale. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Mann–Whitney U test in SPSS.
Results: Epilepsy induction led to decreased SOD (p < 0.02) and GPx (p < 0.001) activities, increased HMGB1 levels (p < 0.001), decreased IL-10 levels (p < 0.001), and increased seizure severity. MICT increased GPx activity (p < 0.048) and reduced HMGB1 levels (p < 0.001) in the training group compared with the epilepsy group. Although SOD activity (p = 0.953) and IL-10 levels (p = 0.198) did not change significantly, seizure severity was significantly reduced in the trained group.
Conclusion: Moderate-intensity continuous training appears to exert protective effects and reduce seizure severity in epileptic rats by strengthening the antioxidant defense system and attenuating neuroinflammation.

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Introduction: Balance is a key component of motor control and plays a crucial role in maintaining postural stability during dynamic tasks such as landing and changing direction. Time to stability is a sensitive indicator of neuromuscular efficiency in restoring balance after mechanical perturbations.
Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of balance training with and without stroboscopic glasses on TTS in physically active individuals.
Methods: In this Randomized Controlled Trial study, 39 physically active men aged 18–30 years were randomly assigned to three groups: balance training with stroboscopic glasses, conventional balance training, and control. Participants completed six weeks of progressive balance exercises. TTS during single-leg landings from 30, 50, and 70 cm was measured using a force plate. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that both training groups showed a significant improvement in time to stabilization compared with the control group (p < 0.05).A significant main effect of group was observed at 30 cm (η² = 0.34, F = 8.40, p = 0.001), 50 cm (η² = 0.25, F = 5.33, p = 0.010), and 70 cm (η² = 0.30, F = 6.96, p = 0.003).

The reduction in time to stabilization was greater in the stroboscopic eyewear group at the 50- and 70-cm landing heights and was accompanied by larger effect sizes. At the 30-cm height, both training groups demonstrated similar improvements.
Conclusion: Intentional visual perturbation using stroboscopic glasses enhances reliance on proprioceptive and vestibular inputs, improving dynamic balance control. Integrating stroboscopic glasses into balance training programs may be an effective strategy to enhance performance and reduce the risk of lower-limb injuries in athletes.
Keywords: Balance training, stroboscopic glasses, time to stability

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Introduction

High-Intensity exercise is accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the FIFA test with curcumin supplementation on serum MDA, TAC, and CRP in male football assistant referees.
Method
In this semi-experimental study, 20 football assistant referees (mean age 28.56±3.75 years, height 179±4.21 cm, weight 72.78±7.08 kg) were selected voluntarily then were randomly assigned to the curcumin + FIFA test and the FIFA test groups. The test + supplement group, in addition to FIFA tests, received 5 grams of curcumin daily (2.5gram at morning and 2.5 gram at evening) for five days. Blood sampling was performed in three stages (before supplementation, two and a half day before, immediately after, and 48 hours after the FIFA Interval Physical Fitness Test) and serum levels of variables were measured using the spectrophotometric method. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferoni post hoc tests were performed in SPSS26.

Results
 There was significant increase in serum CRP, MDA, and TCA in both groups in the first post-test (P=0.000, P=0.041, P=0.008, P=0.009, P= 0.048, P=0.014). Also, in the second post-test of the test group, the increase in CRP and MDA levels remained significant (P = 0.000, P = 0.022). However, TAC became a non-significant increase (P=0.160), while its increase in the test + supplement group was still significant (P=0.013), and in the test + supplement group, MDA became a non-significant increase compared to the pre-test (P=0.186), while in the test group it still had a significant increase (P=0.022). In addition, there was a significant difference between the groups in CRP and TAC values ​​(P=0.024, P=0.05) and a non-significant difference in MDA levels (P=0.129).

Conclusion
 Curcumin modulates some of the inflammatory and oxidative stress indices induced by endurance exercise (the FIFA test).

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The foot represents a small base of support as an important biomechanical parameter that the body maintains balance. It is assumed that postural stability performance could be affected by even minor alteration in the support surface in upright standing position. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if individuals with different foot types would demonstrate differences in static postural stability performance. Sixty adolescent girls were categorized into three groups depending on their bilateral foot types namely, pronated, supinated and rectus feet. Foot types defined by Navicular-drop measures. We measured static stability performance with the Balance Error Scoring System once firm and once on a foam surface. ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for statistical analyses (p<0.05). Results showed no significant differences between individuals with pronated and rectus feet were revealed for static stability scores while standing on the firm surface. Pronated group showed a poor balance performance while tested on the foam surface in comparison with rectus group. Subjects with supinated feet had a poorer static stability performance on both firm and foam surfaces than others groups. These results demonstrated that static stability performance could be affected by foot type

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MS is a lifelong disease that could involve the person in different forms. Knowing balance characteristics of different types of this chronic disease helps the specialists for controlling their complications. The purpose of this study was to recognize static and dynamic balance of different type of MS and to compare MS patients with healthy individual. 54 MS women in three groups (27- Relapsing-Remitting, 16 secondary progressive, 11 primary progressive), 20 randomly healthful women have been elected. Static and dynamic balance test (dynamics with 8 degree), overall, lateral and anterior/posterior have been done by Biodex machinery from four groups. Kolmogorov-Smirnov inferential statistic test used to assess the normality of the data distribution and the chi-square test was used to examine the relationship within and between types of MS disease with normal. The parametric statistics tests including independent t-test applied at threshold 0.05. According to results, there are meaningful difference between overall balance index in static balance in different types of diseased women affected by MS (p<0.05). The Primary Progressive groups have weak, and Relapsing-Remitting MS group have strong static balance in comparison with other groups. Furthermore, meaningful difference shown through overall balance index in static mood in different type of disease women affected by MS (p<0.05). Difference between static balance index and dynamic was meaningful between control group and MS disease. Considering the findings of the study, women affected by relapsing-remitting type have better dynamic & static balance rather than progressive types. Static & dynamic balance in affected women was weaker than healthy women.

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Training exercises are known to affect depressed girls condition, but the effect of regular exercise in exhilarating environments, in particularly on markers related to epinephrine metabolism in depressed girls are not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine effect of the 6 weeks of intermittent walking in water on urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in the depressed girls. Twenty-four of girls' students, who suffering from moderate depression, randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The subjects in the training group performed the progressive walking exercise of 60-70% of maximal heart rate, 3 times a week and for 6 weeks. The Hamilton scale and urine samples were measured in before and after the mentioned exercise protocol. The urine MHPG sulphate was measured by HPLC-flurometric detection method. The data were analyzed by t- student and the Pearson correlation coefficient tests at p≤0/05 levels. The results showed the 6 weeks of exercise resulted in significant increase in the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max and significant decrease in Hamilton scale compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation between the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max (r= 0/65). However, there was a significant reversely correlation (r= - 0/52) between the urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in prediction of depression. These results emphasize the role of regular physical exercise, particularly in exhilarating environments in the promotion of depression state. Also, in some conditions can be used Hamilton scale instead of the urine MHPG sulphate detects.

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In this study, the effects of vibration training on physical fitness factors in elderly
females investigated. 40 subjects with age 61/09±6/24 yrs, weight 65/84±11/98
kg, height 156/99±5/06 cm and body mass index 26/64±4/23 kg/m2 voluntary
participated in this study and were divided in vibration (n=16), non-vibration
(n=14) and control (n=10) groups. The vibration group performed exercises on
the device (JET VIB) for 10 days with 35-40Hz frequency, 12 mm amplitude and
eight positions. The non-vibration group performed the same exercises (in
position, set and time) on the turned off device. The control group did not
exercise during the study. Leg and hand strength (dynamometer), flexibility (sit
and reach), balance (standing time on one leg) and body composition (skinfold
with caliper) were measured. Paired sample t test and one way ANOVA used
for data analysis. In within group analysis, vibration group showed significant
increase in right (p=0/02) and left hand strength (p=0/01), leg strength
(p=0/008), Flexibility (p=0/005) and left leg balance (p=0/006). In non vibration
group just significant increase in right hand strength (p=0/01). There was no
significant change in control group. Between group analysis showed, significant
increase in right (p=0/006) and left hand strength (p=0/003), leg strength
(p=0/004) and left leg balance (p=0/01) in vibration group comparison with to
other groups. There was no significant change in right leg balance (p=0/),
Flexibility (p=0/005) and body composition in any of groups. Due to the results
short term vibration training can improve flexibility, strength and balance in
elderly subjects.
 

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In order to compare the acute effects of OR and Megabasic (two energy drinks)
by a placebo, 24 volunteer male athletes (age: 24.3±2.03 yrs, height
173.56±7.02cm and weight 75.43±3.07kg) participated in two consecutive
RAST tests by 40 min rest interval in between within 3 randomly divided groups.
There were six times blood sampling (before and also 2 and 4 min after than
both tests) in order to analyze blood lactate and PH levels (Gas analyzer) and
also the anaerobic indices (Peak, mean and mean power) was calculated. The
data corresponding to each group’s blood factors was compared by ANOVA for
repeated measurements (post hoc: Bonferoni), their changes between two
consecutive RAST tests was compared by ANOVA (post hoc: LSD) and
anaerobic power data for each group was compared using pair sample t test at
0.05 significance level. Results: Significant changes were observed in blood
lactate and PH levels during repeated measurements in both RAST tests at all
groups (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in the amount of the
changes in between the measurements between groups (p<0.05). Additionally,
Peak and min power only significantly increased in second RAST test rather
than first one and mean power also significantly decreased in both energy drink
groups between the first and second RAST tests (p<0.05). Conclusions:
Consumption of the OR can affect anaerobic power during short term repeated
interval activities. However, there are evident differences in between multiple
brands of energy drinks with regard to the amount of the modifications in the
changes at both blood lactate and PH levels, in spite of this fact that there is
any consensus in this field because of the lack of comprehensive researches.

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The purpose of the present study was to compare some antropometric characteristics of 11-14 years old male students in high, average and low Socio-economic Status. 610 students from public schools in three educational districts of Isfahan were randomly selected by clustral method. Then the Subjects were located in three low, average and high Socioeconomic status groups. Height, weight, triceps and culf skinfold thichnesses were measured. Result showed that there were Significant differences between three groups in weight, triceps and culf skinfold thickness, sum of two skinfold thickness (culf and triceps) and percent body fat. Also there were no Significant differences between three qroups in BMI and height. Result showed that weight of students with high socioeconomic Status was greater than the Students with average and low socio economic Statues. Also the skinfold thickness of triceps, calf and percent body fat of students with high socioeconomic Status were greater than students in low socioeconomic status. It seems that the childreen in high socioeconomic status have more weight and fat than children in low socioeconomic status. Other researches have Concluded that the girls in high socioeconomic status have lower percent body fat compare to children in low socioeconomic status.