Showing 343 results for Type of Study: Research
Mozhgan Fallah, Mahta Eskandarnejad, Behzad Behzadnia,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental and physical fatigue on attention and free-throw performance in skilled and novice basketball players. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test–post-test design on 30 female basketball players (15 skilled and 15 novice) from Tabriz city. Mental fatigue was induced using a complex Stroop task, and physical fatigue was induced via a basketball-specific movement protocol. Selective and distributed attention and free-throw accuracy were assessed as performance indicators. Results: Results showed that mental fatigue significantly decreased attention accuracy and free-throw performance in novices, whereas it had no significant effect on free-throw performance in skilled players. Physical fatigue significantly reduced attention accuracy and free-throw performance in both groups. Conclutions: Findings highlight that skilled players are more resistant to the negative effects of mental fatigue, but physical fatigue still impairs their performance. These results emphasize the importance of targeted training programs to maintain performance under fatigue conditions.
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Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background and aim: Stereotypical beliefs are embedded in the cultural fabric of societies. With the expansion of knowledge and communication media, their prevalence is expected to decline. Assessing the extent to which these beliefs are held—particularly among younger generations—can provide a clearer understanding of cultural change. This study aimed to examine age-related stereotypes among young Iranian adults and explore their attitudes toward older adults’ physical, sports, and cognitive activities. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 young university students, and thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes. Based on the qualitative findings, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 252 undergraduate and graduate students. The reliability and validity of the instrument were evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed that young adults’ attitudes toward aging could be categorized into three main dimensions: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. Perceptions of appropriate activities for older adults encompassed four themes: low-to-moderate intensity physical activities, sports participation considering physical limitations, light-to-moderate cognitive activities, and viewing aging as an opportunity for enjoyment and active engagement. Quantitative results indicated that the questionnaire items were well-fitted to the data and demonstrated acceptable reliability (ɑ= .73-.82). Conclusion: Young Iranian adults perceive older adults as having physical and cognitive limitations, suggesting that their activities should be relatively easy and moderate. Additionally, older adults are seen as occasionally irritable yet inclined to advise and share experiences. Aging is also perceived as a period suitable for rest, leisure, and engagement in light artistic or social activities. These stereotype-based beliefs may stem from societal views of older adults as less competent in structured occupational or social roles.
Hamid Salehi, Fatima Heidarinasab,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate Iranian university students’ perceptions of the gender categorization of sporting activities and to analyze the level of consensus/consensus within these social representations. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 191 university students (103 women; M = 23.61, SD = 5.04 years) voluntarily participated. The instrument consisted of a questionnaire containing 25 sports activities, rated on a 7-point Likert scale (ranging from "strictly feminine" to "strictly masculine"). Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test for between-group comparisons and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess agreement. Results: Eleven activities were classified as masculine, 10 as neutral, and 4 as feminine. Although the overall classification pattern was similar across genders, men rated activities as significantly more masculine than women (p < .001). Contrary to predictions, the overall level of agreement was low (ICC = 0.13), with higher agreement among men (ICC = 0.13) than women (ICC = 0.07). The highest level of agreement was observed among women in evaluating feminine sports (ICC = 0.53). Conclusion: The findings indicate the simultaneous existence of relatively stable categorization patterns alongside a low level of individual consensus. This pattern suggests some heterogeneity in students' internalization of gender stereotypes. The innovation of this study lies in combining categorization analysis with agreement indices, demonstrating that relying solely on mean scores without considering social consensus provides an incomplete picture of gender dynamics. These results underscore the necessity of incorporating consensus indices into gender and sport studies as a marker of cultural transition.
